Project: Chemical Bonds

As you know, sodium is a metal and loses its one valence electron to become a cation. Chlorine is a nonmetal and gains one electron in becoming an anion. However, electrons cannot be simply “lost” to nowhere in particular. A more accurate way to describe what is happening is that a single electron is transferred from the sodium atom to what type of force gives rise to an ionic bond? the chlorine atom, as shown below. When most people use the word salt, they mean a specific kind of salt, sodium chloride . Sodium chloride is the common table salt that we put on food. However, the term salt has a more general meaning in chemistry; salts are ionic compounds formed of cations and anions held together by ionic bonding.

For example, when you buy salt, you’ll often notice that it’s called iodized salt. That’s because we need a small amount of iodine in our diet to help the thyroid gland. Again, it is more energy-efficient for chlorine to gain one electron than to lose seven. Proteins, which make up so much of our structures and enzymes, are full of hydrogen bonds. It forms ions with a higher charge and a greater proton number. Chemical reaction between enzymes and materials, resulting in inactivation of enzyme.

A Sample of Lithium Fluoride’s Crystal Lattice

The energy value can be estimated using the Born-Haber cycle, or it can be calculated theoretically with an electrostatic examination of the crystal structure. Lattice energy is defined as the energy required to separate a mole of an ionic solid into gaseous ions. Lattice energy is a measure of the bond strength in an ionic compound. Evidence of the effects of hydrogen bonding can be seen in the graph below. Without the ability to hydrogen bonding these molecules would be predicted to have a lot lower boiling points.

An ionic compound is a compound that is formed by ionic bonding. Ionic bonding occurs through a process called electron transfer, where one atom gives electrons to another.

Hydrogen Bonding

Francium is the most metallic element, with the smallest ionization energy and low electron affinity. Fluorine has a high electron affinity and high ionization potential.

Have a look at this short animation to help you understand the difference. Advanced search For basic searching of one or more words anywhere in the text, just type them separated by spaces. For advanced searching, press the search button without typing anything in the search box to access the advanced search form. Site of Dr Keith S. Taber, Emeritus Professor of Science Education at the University of Cambridge. An unknown substance has a high solubility, high melting and boiling points and conducts electricity when aqueous. An unknown substance has a high melting point and is insoluble in water. Distribution of the distance between two adjacent reactable sites.

Definition of Lattice Energy

At right, a two-dimensional slice of the NaCl crystalline lattice is shown. The radius of the Cl− anion is 80% larger than the Na+ cation. This is not surprising since Na+ represents a filled first and second shell, while Cl− is three completed shells. This means that the remaining electrons will be held more strongly and more closely to the nucleus.

• For example, a cation of sodium chloride may attract as many chlorine anions as will fit around it.
• On a periodic table, it increases from left to right and decreases down a group .
• Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
• A cation is formed when a metal ion loses a valence electron while an anion is formed when a non-metal gains a valence electron.